元件指南

VectorBuilder提供了许多常用的载体元件，可供用户在设计载体时进行选择。下表按类型提供了这些常用元件的详细信息。
哺乳动物广泛性启动子
姓名描述Application NotesReferences序列
CMVHuman cytomegalovirus immediate early enhancer/promoterStrong promoter; may have variable strength in some cell types.Cell. 41:521 (1985); PLoS One. 5:e10611 (2010) View
CMV+intronHuman cytomegalovirus immediate early enhancer/promoter fused with the splicing signal from the human beta-globin intron 2Strong promoter; may have variable strength in some cell types; presence of the beta-globin intron facilitates the nuclear export of mRNA by splicing and is predicted to enhance gene expression in eukaryotes.EMBO J. 13: 3065 (1994); Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105: 3386 (2008) View
EF1AHuman eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 α1 promoterStrong promoter.Nucl Acids Res. 18:5322 (1990); PLoS One. 5:e10611 (2010) View
EFSHuman eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 α1 short formMedium-strength promoter.Nat Methods.11:783 (2014) View
CAGCMV early enhancer fused to modified chicken β-actin promoterStrong promoter.Gene. 108:193 (1991); PLoS One. 5:e10611 (2010) View
CBhCMV early enhancer fused to modified chicken β-actin promoterStrong promoter.Hum Gene Ther. 22:1143 (2011) View
CBACMV early enhancer fused to chicken β-actin promoter and SV40 intronStrong promoter.Mol Biotechnol. 58:30 (2016) View
SFFVSpleen focus-forming virus promoterStrong promoter; drives high levels of gene expression, particularly in cell types of the myeloid lineage.J Virol. 69:7541 (1995); Hum Gene Ther.13:803 (2002) View
MSCVMurine embryonic stem cell virus promoter including the enhancer and promoter region of PCMV virus and 5' untranslated region of dl-587rev retrovirusMedium-strength promoter; drives gene expression in most murine or human ES cell lines and other mammalian cell lines.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 87:9202(1990); Gene Ther. 1:136 (1994) View
SV40Simian virus 40 enhancer/early promoterMedium-strength promoter.Nature. 290:304 (1981); PLoS One. 5:e10611 (2010) View
mPGKMouse phosphoglycerate kinase 1 promoterMedium-strength promoter.Gene. 60:65 (1987); PLoS One. 5:e10611 (2010) View
hPGKHuman phosphoglycerate kinase 1 promoterMedium-strength promoter.PLoS One. 4:e5046 (2009) View
UBCHuman ubiquitin C promoterWeak promoter.Nucl Acids Res. 24:1787 (1996); PLoS One. 5:e10611 (2010) View
注意 : 
  • Some components have different versions that differ slightly in sequence but are functionally equivalent. VectorBuilder may use different versions depending on context.
  • CAG and CBh promoters contain different versions of modified chicken β-actin promoter.
哺乳动物组织特异性启动子
姓名描述Tissue SpecificityCell Type SpecificityReferences序列
NanogMouse nanog promoterEmbryonic inner cell massPluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cellsJ Biol Chem. 280:24731 (2005) View
NesRat nestin intron 2 enhancer fused to mouse Hsp68 minimal promoterNervous system at embryonic stageNeural stem/progenitor cellsEur J Neurosci. 9:452 (1997); J Neurosci Res. 59:321 (2000) View
Tuba1aRat α1A tubulin promoterNervous systems at embryonic and early postnatal stagesDeveloping neurons but not astrocytes or oligodendrocytesJ Neurosci. 14:7319 (1994) View
Camk2a(long)Mouse α-calcium-calmodulin dependent kinase II promoter (8 kb)ForebrainCA1 pyramidal cells of the hippocampusCell. 81:891 (1995); Cell. 87:1317 (1996) View
Camk2a(short)Mouse α-calcium-calmodulin dependent kinase II promoter (1.3 kb)BrainPyramidal neuronsNeuroscience. 161:441 (2009) View
SYN1Human synapsin I promoterBrainMature neuronsMol Ther. 5:509 (2002) View
Hb9Mouse Hb9 enhancer fused to mouse Hsp68 minimal promoterSpinal cordMotor neuronsExp Neurol. 196:224 (2005); Dev Biol. 283:474 (2005) View
ThMouse tyrosine hydroxylase promoterBrainDopaminergic neuronsBiochem Biophys Res Commun. 274:590 (2000); Neurosci Lett. 363:33 (2004) View
Thy1Mouse thymus cell antigen 1 promoterBrainNeuronsEMBO J. 9:833 (1990); Neuron. 28:41 (2000); Cell Rep. 13:1989 (2015) View
NSERat neuron-specific enolase promoterNervous systemVarious neuronsNeuron. 5:187 (1990); J Mol Neurosci. 8:63(1997) View
GFAP(long)Human glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter (2.1 kb)BrainAstrocytesJ Neurosci. 14:1030 (1994) View
GFAP(short)Human glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter (0.68 kb)BrainAstrocytesGlia. 56:481 (2008) View
Iba1Mouse ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 promoterBrainMicrogliaJ Neurosci Res. 81:357 (2005) View
ProA1Mouse Gnat2 promoterRetinaCone photoreceptorNat Neurosci. 22:1345 (2019); Int J Mol Sci. 21:4197 (2020) View
ProA7Mouse Gnat2 promoter (0.5 kb)RetinaCone photoreceptor in non-human primateNat Neurosci. 22:1345 (2019) View
hRHOHuman rhodopsin promoterRetinaRod photoreceptorJ Virol. 81: 11372 (2007); eLife. 5: e12242 (2016) View
hBEST1Human bestrophin 1 promoterRetinaRPEHum Mol Genet. 18:128 (2009) View
Grm6A 200-bp enhancer of mGluR6 (mouse metabotropic glutamate receptor 6) fused to a basal SV40 promoter (0.4 kb)RetinaON-bipolar cellsJ Neurosci. 28:2008 View
Grm6(short)A 200-bp enhancer of mGluR6 (mouse glutamate metabotropic receptor 6) fused to a 500-bp mGluR6 promoter (0.7 kb)RetinaON-bipolar cellsGene Ther. 23:680 (2016); Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 119:e2117038119 (2022) View
Grm6(long)Intron 4, 3, and a 200-bp enhancer of mGluR6 (mouse glutamate metabotropic receptor 6) fused to a 500-bp mGluR6 promoter (2.2 kb)RetinaON-bipolar cellsGene Ther. 23:680 (2016); Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 119:e2117038119 (2022) View
PrnpMouse prion protein promoterBrain, hippocampus, cerebellum, retinaVarious CNS neuronsEur J Neurosci. 14:1777 (2001) View
CnpMouse 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase promoterNervous systems, testis and thymusOligodendrocytes and Schwann cellsJ Neurosci Res. 53:393 (1998); J Neurosci. 19:759 (1999) View
K14Human keratin 14 promoterEpidermisKeratinocytesGene. 153:297 (1995) View
K19Mouse keratin 19 promoterEpidermisKeratinocytesJ Biol Chem. 275:28230 (2000); Genesis. 46:318 (2008) View
BK5Bovine keratin 5 promoterEpidermisKeratinocytesDifferentiation. 58:53 (1994); Oncogene. 19:4243 (2000) View
mTyrMouse tyrosinase promoter and enhancerEpidermisMelanocytes and melanoma cellsDevelopment. 120:2103 (1994); Gene Ther. 1:307 (1994); Int J Mol Sci. 17: 2149 (2016) View
cTnTChicken cardiac troponin T promoterHeartCardiomyocytesAm J Physiol Cell Physiol. 286:C556 (2004); Gene Ther. 18: 43 (2011); Circ Res. 115:354 (2014) View
αMHC(long)Mouse α-cardiac myosin heavy chain promoter (5.4 kb)HeartCardiomyocytesJ Biol Chem. 266:24613 (1991) View
αMHC(short)Mouse α-cardiac myosin heavy chain promoter (2.8 kb)HeartCardiomyocytesJ Biol Chem. 266:24613 (1991) View
MyogMouse myogenin promoterMuscleMyoblastsGenes Dev. 7:1277 (1993) View
ACTA1Human skeletal muscle actin α1 promoterMuscleMyocytesJ Biol Chem. 268:719 (1993) View
MHCK7Composed of enhancer/promoter regions of murine muscle creatine kinase (MCK) and enhancer region of α-myosin heavy-chain genesMouse skeletal and heart musclesDifferentiated postmitotic striated muscle cellsMol Ther. 15:320 (2007); Sci Transl Med. 9(418) (2017) View
SM22aMouse transgelin (a.k.a. Sm22a) promoterAdult smooth muscleVascular smooth muscle cellsJ Cell Biol. 132:849 (1996) View
EnSM22aThe chimeric vascular smooth muscle-specific enhancer/promoter (The rabbit myosin heavy-chain enhancer inserted upstream of a truncated mouse SM22a promoter)Adult smooth muscleVascular smooth muscle cellsJ Pharmacol Exp Ther. 329: 775 (2009) View
Runx2Mouse runt related transcription factor 2 promoterBoneEarly osteoblastsBiochim Biophys Acta. 1731:95 (2005) View
OCHuman osteocalcin promoterBone and cartilageOsteoblasts, osteocytes and hypertrophic chondrocytesMol Endocrinol. 11:1695 (1997) View
Col1a1Rat collagen type I α1 promoterBone, tooth and tendonOsteoblasts and fibroblastsJ Bone Miner Res. 9:285 (1994) View
Col2a1Mouse collagen type II α1 promoterCartilageChondrocytesGenesis. 45:44 (2007) View
aP2Rat adipocyte P2 promoterFatAdipocytesJ Biol Chem. 268:22243 (1993) View
AdipoqMouse adiponectin promoterFatAdipocytesEndocrinology. 151:2933 (2010) View
Tie1Mouse tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains 1 promoterBlood vesselEndothelial cellsJ Cell Sci. 115:2075 (2002) View
Cd144Mouse cadherin 5 (a.k.a. VE-Cadherin) promoterBlood vesselsVascular endothelial cellsDev Dyn. 235:759 (2006) View
CD68(short)Human CD68 promoter, short, recommended for in vitro useBloodMonocytes and macrophagesGene Ther. 19:1041 (2012) View
CD68(long)Human CD68 promoter, long, recommended for in vivo useBloodMonocytes and macrophagesJ Immunol. 168:3402(2002); Blood. 124:e33 (2014) View
CD11bHuman integrin subunit alpha M promoterBone marrowMature myeloid cell lines (neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages)Blood. 79:865 (1992); Blood. 85:319 (1995) View
AfpMouse α-fetoprotein enhancer II fused with human beta globin promoterLiverHepatocytesScience. 235:53 (1987); Mol Cell Biol. 15:4947 (1995) View
AlbMouse albumin promoterLiverMature hepatocytesGenes Dev. 1:268 (1987) View
TBGHuman thyroxine-binding globulin promoterLiverHepatocytesGene. 506:289 (2012) View
TBG+intronHuman alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin enhancer and thyroxine-binding globulin hybrid promoter fused to a chimeric intron (SD site from a human β-globin intron and SA site from an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region intron)LiverHepatocytesJ Biol Chem. 267:20765 (1992); Nat Chem Biol. 17:326 (2021) View
MMTVMouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat (LTR)Mammary glandDuctal cells of the salivary gland, mammary epithelial cellsNucleic Acids Res. 25:4323 (1997) View
WapMouse whey acidic protein promoterMammary glandAlveolar epithelial cells of mammary tissueNucleic Acids Res. 25:4323 (1997) View
HIPHuman insulin promoterPancreasβ cellsCell. 52:773 (1998); Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100: 6688 (2003) View
Pdx1Mouse pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 promoterEmbryonic developing pancreas and adult pancreatic isletsPancreatic progenitor cells and pancreatic β cellsDevelopment. 129:2447 (2002) View
Ins2Rat insulin 2 promoterPancreasPancreatic β cellsNature. 315:115 (1985);Nature. 429:41 (2004) View
Hcn4Mouse hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated K+ 4 promoterEmbryonic heartCardiomyocytesBiochem Biophys Res Commun. 353:67 (2007) View
NPHS2Human podocin promoterKidneyPodocytesGenesis. 35:39 (2003) View
SPBHuman surfactant protein B promoterLungAT II cells (alveolar type II epithelial cells) and Clara cells (bronchiolar epithelial cells)J Biol Chem. 270:24852 (1995); Gene Ther. 14:1461 (2007) View
CD144Human cadherin 5 (a.k.a. VE-Cadherin) promoterLung, heart, ovary, spleen and kidney glomeruliVascular endothelial cellsOncogene. 24:2992 (2005) View
TERTHuman telomerase reverse transcriptase promoterTumorImmortalized and cancer cellsCancer Res. 59:551 (1999); Cancer Res. 60:5359 (2000) View
哺乳动物诱导型启动子
姓名描述Application NotesReferences序列
TRETetracycline-responsive element promoter (2nd generation)Regulated by a class of transcription factors (e.g. tTA, rtTA and tTS) whose activities are dependent on tetracycline or its analogs (e.g. doxycycline).Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 89:5547 (1992); Science. 268:1766 (1995); J Gene Med. 1:4 (1999) View
TRE3GTetracycline-responsive element promoter (3rd generation)Bound by transactivator Tet3G in the presence of tetracycline or its analogs (e.g. doxycycline); low background activity.Gene Ther. 13:1382 (2006) View
酵母诱导型启动子
姓名描述Application NotesReferences序列
GAL1Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactokinase promoterRepressed in the presence of glucose; induced in the presence of galactose.Mol Cell Biol. 4:1440 (1984); Nucleic Acids Res. 22:5767 (1994) View
MET17Saccharomyces cerevisiae O-acetyl homoserine-O-acetyl serine sulfhydrylase promoter; aka MET25 and MET15Repressed in the presence of methionine.Mol Gen Genet. 200:407 (1985); Biotechnol Prog. 21:617 (2005) View
CUP1Saccharomyces cerevisiae metallothionein promoterInduced in the presence of copper.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 81:3332 (1984); Yeast. 16:651 (2000) View
AOX1Methanol-induced alcohol oxidase 1 promoter from Pichia pastorisMaximally induced during growth on methanol and fully repressed during growth on glucose or glycerol.Nucleic Acids Res. 15:3859 (1987); J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 42:1175 (2015) View
植物组成型启动子
姓名描述Application NotesReferences序列
CaMV35S(short)Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (short)Strong constitutive promoter, drives high-level gene expression in dicot plants but is less effective in monocots.Nature. 313:810 (1985) View
CaMV35S(long)Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (long)Strong promoter.Biotechnol Lett. 29:1793 (2007) View
CaMV35S(enhanced)A chimeric promoter with the doubled CaMV 35S enhancer elementStrong promoter.Plant Mol Biol. 21:415 (1993); Biotechnol Lett. 29:1793 (2007) View
NosAgrobacterium nopaline synthase promoterWeaker promoter compared to CaMV 35S promoter.Nucleic Acids Res. 12:7831 (1984); Plant Cell. 2:225 (1990) View
ZmUbiMaize ubiquitin promoterStrong constitutive promoter, drives high-level gene expression in monocots.BMC Plant Biol. 14: 327 (2014) View
酵母组成型启动子
姓名描述Application NotesReferences序列
TEF1Saccharomyces cerevisiae translation elongation factor EF-1 alpha promoterStrong promoter.EMBO J. 3:3311 (1984); Yeast. 27:955 (2010) View
GPDSaccharomyces cerevisiae glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoterStrong promoter.Gene. 32:263 (1984) View
ADH1(short)Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase promoterWeak promoter (stronger than ADH1(medium) and ADH1(long)).FEMS Microbiol Lett. 121:229 (1994) View
ADH1(medium)Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase promoterWeak promoter (stronger than ADH1(long)).FEMS Microbiol Lett. 121:229 (1994) View
ADH1(long)Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase promoterWeak promoter.FEMS Microbiol Lett. 121:229 (1994) View
GAPGlyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter from Pichia pastorisStrong constitutive promoter.Gene. 186:37 (1997); J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 42:1175 (2015) View
果蝇广泛性表达启动子
姓名描述Application NotesReferences序列
actin5CThe distal promoter of cytoskeletal actin 5C gene of Drosophila melanogaster, controling synthesis of actin in a tissue- and developmental stage-specific mannerStrong promoter Mol Cell Biol. 10:6172 (1990); Nucleic Acids Res. 19:5037 (1991) View
PolyubiquitinPromoter of polyubiqutin gene of Drosophila melanogasterStrong promoterMol Cell Biol. 8:4727 (1988); Methods Mol Biol. 62:385 (1997) View
a1tubulinPromoter of α1-tubulin gene of Drosophila melanogasterMedium-strength promoterNucleic Acids Res. 19:5037 (1991) View
果蝇Pol III启动子
姓名描述Application NotesReferences序列
U6-1U6 small nuclear RNA gene promoter U6-1 of Drosophila melanogasterPol III promoter; drives intermediate expression level of small RNAs.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 331:1163 (2005); Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 111:E2967 (2014) View
U6-2U6 small nuclear RNA gene promoter U6-2 of Drosophila melanogasterPol III promoter; drives lowest expression level of small RNAs.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 331:1163 (2005); Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 111:E2967 (2014) View
U6-3U6 small nuclear RNA gene promoter U6-3 of Drosophila melanogasterPol III promoter; drives strongest expression level of small RNAs.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 331:1163 (2005); Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 111:E2967 (2014) View
线虫广泛性启动子
姓名描述Application NotesReferences序列
eft-3C. elegans translation elongation factor 1-α promoterStrong promoter; drives high levels of gene expression in somatic cells.Genes Dev. 14: 2173 (2000) View
pie-1C. elegans pharynx and intestine in excess protein 1 promoter lacking repetitive sequencesStrong promoter; drives high levels of gene expression in all germ cells from the late L1 stage to the adult stage.Curr Biol. 18:1476 (2008) View
CeU6C. elegans R07E5.16 U6 snRNA promoterPol III promoter; drives expression of small RNAs.Nat Methods. 10: 1028 (2013); Genetics. 199: 959 (2015) View
线虫组织特异性启动子
姓名描述Tissue SpecificityCell Type SpecificityReferences序列
spe-11C. elegans spermatocyte protein spe-11 promoter/SpermCurr Biol. 18:1476 (2008) View
myo-2C. elegans myosin-2 promoter/Pharyngeal muscle cellsGenetics. 135:385 (1993); Nat Genet. 40:1375 (2008) View
myo-3C. elegans myosin-3 promoter/Body muscle cellsGenetics. 135:385 (1993); Nat Genet. 40:1375 (2008) View
rab-3C. elegans ras-related protein Rab-3 promoterNervous systemPan-neuronalProc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113: E1074 (2016) View