During the beginning of this year, a novel coronavirus disease — termed Covid-19 by the WHO — was identified as being responsible for a sudden increase in cases of pneumonia in hospitalized patients. We have seen this rapidly escalate into a global...
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of death globally, responsible for 31% of all human mortalities. This is in part due to lifestyle but also because the human heart is incapable of functional regeneration following injury or on...
The ability to knock in (KI) DNA sequences via homologous recombination (HR) to generate knockout (KO) mice was first demonstrated 30 years ago by Mario R. Capecchi, Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies (1,2). In recent years, CRISPR/Cas9 has revolut...
Wouldn’t it be nice if we felt no pain? Although lacking the ability to feel pain sounds tempting, considering we could have simply moved on with our lives without going through the hassle of tending to our injuries, the consequences of being painle...
When the lab of Shinya Yamanaka revealed that viral introduction of Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc (OSKM) into adult skin cells could transform them into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), the world quickly took notice at the prospect of using iP...
The remarkable process by which a single totipotent zygote develops into the approximately 37 trillion cells in a human body is orchestrated by a highly controlled sequence of signaling events resulting in a multitude of differentiated cell types. T...
Adeno-associated virus (AAV), initially discovered as a contaminant of adenovirus preparations (1), is the choice vehicle for gene therapy due to its ability to transduce proliferating and non-dividing cells with no known pathogenicity to humans. As...
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has recently been surging in popularity as a vector system. The recent wave of gene therapy successes and powerful new genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9, have increased public and scientific awareness of t...
The nervous system presents several unique challenges that make it a difficult system to study experimentally. At a structural level, the brain has a complexity that is orders of magnitude greater than other organs, and even the peripheral nervous s...
Ever since the cloning of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), there has been an explosion of interest in applying optogenetic methods to all aspects of neuroscience1. Initially, ChR2 was used to control neuronal activity in vitro2,3, and shortly thereafter in...
For decades, new innovations in stem cell biology and genetic manipulation have driven a wave of proposed treatments based on these technologies. Although there has been intense speculation and expectation about when and how these methods will finall...
Alcoholism is a complex disease affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide1. Despite having devastating consequences on physical and mental health, and indirectly impacting families and society, treatment options are limited and often ineffec...
Although multicellular organisms are made up of many cell types, all with essentially identical genomes, cells rarely interconvert between cell types. Once a cell acquires a specific cell fate, it generally does not assume the phenotype of an alternate cell type....
Loss-of-function screening using shRNA libraries is a powerful way to identify genes involved in almost any biological process. Over the past decade, shRNA screens, both in vivo and in cell culture systems, have generated many important discoveries...
In the early days of engineered animal models, simple knockout and transgenic mice were used to examine gene function. Researchers began to dissect the roles of individual genes by studying phenotypes of mice lacking or overexpressing specific genes...
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